plugin/tracing: merge full-tracing plugin into generic version

The full-tracing plugin was used in the DSN paper. It additionally
traces the data that was accessed/written on a memory access and the
contents of some CPU registers.

Change-Id: I61f5230699009ce523aba341985b98148160556d
This commit is contained in:
Christian Dietrich
2013-03-15 15:35:37 +01:00
committed by Gerrit Code Review
parent cffafa411c
commit 4e8098a636
7 changed files with 281 additions and 186 deletions

View File

@ -21,200 +21,210 @@ using namespace std;
using namespace fail;
void GenericTracing::parseOptions() {
CommandLine &cmd = CommandLine::Inst();
CommandLine::option_handle IGNORE = cmd.addOption("", "", Arg::None, "USAGE: fail-client -Wf,[option] -Wf,[option] ... <BochsOptions...>\n\n");
CommandLine::option_handle HELP = cmd.addOption("h", "help", Arg::None, "-h,--help\t Print usage and exit");
CommandLine::option_handle ELF_FILE = cmd.addOption("", "elf-file", Arg::Required,
"--elf-file\t ELF Binary File (default: $FAIL_ELF_PATH)");
CommandLine::option_handle START_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("s", "start-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-s,--start-symbol\t ELF symbol to start tracing (default: main)");
CommandLine::option_handle STOP_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("e", "end-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-e,--end-symbol\t ELF symbol to end tracing");
CommandLine::option_handle SAVE_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("S", "save-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-S,--save-symbol\t ELF symbol to save the state of the machine (default: main)\n");
CommandLine::option_handle STATE_FILE = cmd.addOption("f", "state-file", Arg::Required,
"-f,--state-file\t File/dir to save the state to (default state)");
CommandLine::option_handle TRACE_FILE = cmd.addOption("t", "trace-file", Arg::Required,
"-t,--trace-file\t File to save the execution trace to\n");
CommandLine &cmd = CommandLine::Inst();
CommandLine::option_handle IGNORE = cmd.addOption("", "", Arg::None, "USAGE: fail-client -Wf,[option] -Wf,[option] ... <BochsOptions...>\n\n");
CommandLine::option_handle HELP = cmd.addOption("h", "help", Arg::None, "-h,--help\t Print usage and exit");
CommandLine::option_handle MEM_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("m", "memory-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-m,--memory-symbol\t ELF symbol(s) to trace accesses (without specifiying all mem read/writes are traced)");
CommandLine::option_handle MEM_REGION = cmd.addOption("M", "memory-region", Arg::Required,
"-M,--memory-region\t restrict memory region which is traced"
" Possible formats: 0x<address>, 0x<address>:0x<address>, 0x<address>:<length>");
if(!cmd.parse()) {
cerr << "Error parsing arguments." << endl;
exit(-1);
}
CommandLine::option_handle ELF_FILE = cmd.addOption("", "elf-file", Arg::Required,
"--elf-file\t ELF Binary File (default: $FAIL_ELF_PATH)");
CommandLine::option_handle START_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("s", "start-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-s,--start-symbol\t ELF symbol to start tracing (default: main)");
CommandLine::option_handle STOP_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("e", "end-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-e,--end-symbol\t ELF symbol to end tracing");
CommandLine::option_handle SAVE_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("S", "save-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-S,--save-symbol\t ELF symbol to save the state of the machine (default: main)\n");
CommandLine::option_handle STATE_FILE = cmd.addOption("f", "state-file", Arg::Required,
"-f,--state-file\t File/dir to save the state to (default state)");
CommandLine::option_handle TRACE_FILE = cmd.addOption("t", "trace-file", Arg::Required,
"-t,--trace-file\t File to save the execution trace to\n");
if (cmd[HELP]) {
cmd.printUsage();
exit(0);
}
CommandLine::option_handle FULL_TRACE = cmd.addOption("", "full-trace", Arg::None, "--full-trace\t Do a full trace (more data, default: off)");
CommandLine::option_handle MEM_SYMBOL = cmd.addOption("m", "memory-symbol", Arg::Required,
"-m,--memory-symbol\t ELF symbol(s) to trace accesses (without specifiying all mem read/writes are traced)");
CommandLine::option_handle MEM_REGION = cmd.addOption("M", "memory-region", Arg::Required,
"-M,--memory-region\t restrict memory region which is traced"
" Possible formats: 0x<address>, 0x<address>:0x<address>, 0x<address>:<length>");
if (cmd[ELF_FILE].count() > 0)
elf_file = cmd[ELF_FILE].first()->arg;
else {
char * elfpath = getenv("FAIL_ELF_PATH");
if(elfpath == NULL){
m_log << "FAIL_ELF_PATH not set :( (alternative: --elf-file) " << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
if(!cmd.parse()) {
cerr << "Error parsing arguments." << endl;
exit(-1);
}
elf_file = elfpath;
}
m_elf = new ElfReader(elf_file.c_str());
if (cmd[HELP]) {
cmd.printUsage();
exit(0);
}
if (cmd[START_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
start_symbol = cmd[START_SYMBOL].first()->arg;
else
start_symbol = "main";
if (cmd[ELF_FILE].count() > 0)
elf_file = cmd[ELF_FILE].first()->arg;
else {
char * elfpath = getenv("FAIL_ELF_PATH");
if(elfpath == NULL){
m_log << "FAIL_ELF_PATH not set :( (alternative: --elf-file) " << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
if (cmd[STOP_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
stop_symbol = std::string(cmd[STOP_SYMBOL].first()->arg);
else {
m_log << "You have to give an end symbol (-e,--end-symbol)!" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
elf_file = elfpath;
}
m_elf = new ElfReader(elf_file.c_str());
if (cmd[SAVE_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
save_symbol = std::string(cmd[SAVE_SYMBOL].first()->arg);
else
save_symbol = "main";
if (cmd[START_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
start_symbol = cmd[START_SYMBOL].first()->arg;
else
start_symbol = "main";
if (cmd[STATE_FILE].count() > 0)
state_file = std::string(cmd[STATE_FILE].first()->arg);
else
state_file = "state";
if (cmd[STOP_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
stop_symbol = std::string(cmd[STOP_SYMBOL].first()->arg);
else {
m_log << "You have to give an end symbol (-e,--end-symbol)!" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (cmd[TRACE_FILE].count() > 0)
trace_file = std::string(cmd[TRACE_FILE].first()->arg);
else
trace_file = "trace.pb";
if (cmd[SAVE_SYMBOL].count() > 0)
save_symbol = std::string(cmd[SAVE_SYMBOL].first()->arg);
else
save_symbol = "main";
use_memory_map = false;
if (cmd[STATE_FILE].count() > 0)
state_file = std::string(cmd[STATE_FILE].first()->arg);
else
state_file = "state";
if (cmd[MEM_SYMBOL].count() > 0) {
use_memory_map = true;
option::Option *opt = cmd[MEM_SYMBOL].first();
if (cmd[TRACE_FILE].count() > 0)
trace_file = std::string(cmd[TRACE_FILE].first()->arg);
else
trace_file = "trace.pb";
while(opt != 0) {
const ElfSymbol &symbol = m_elf->getSymbol(opt->arg);
assert(symbol.isValid());
use_memory_map = false;
m_log << "Adding '" << opt->arg << "' == 0x" << std::hex << symbol.getAddress()
<< "+" << std::dec << symbol.getSize() << " to trace map" << std::endl;
traced_memory_map.add(symbol.getAddress(), symbol.getSize());
if (cmd[MEM_SYMBOL].count() > 0) {
use_memory_map = true;
option::Option *opt = cmd[MEM_SYMBOL].first();
opt = opt->next();
}
}
while(opt != 0) {
const ElfSymbol &symbol = m_elf->getSymbol(opt->arg);
assert(symbol.isValid());
if (cmd[MEM_REGION].count() > 0) {
use_memory_map = true;
option::Option *opt = cmd[MEM_REGION].first();
m_log << "Adding '" << opt->arg << "' == 0x" << std::hex << symbol.getAddress()
<< "+" << std::dec << symbol.getSize() << " to trace map" << std::endl;
traced_memory_map.add(symbol.getAddress(), symbol.getSize());
while(opt != 0) {
char *endptr;
guest_address_t begin = strtol(opt->arg, &endptr, 16);
guest_address_t size;
if (endptr == opt->arg) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
opt = opt->next();
}
}
char delim = *endptr;
if (delim == 0) {
size = 1;
} else if(delim == ':') {
char *p = endptr +1;
size = strtol(p, &endptr, 16) - begin;
if (p == endptr || *endptr != 0) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
} else if(delim == '+') {
char *p = endptr +1;
size = strtol(p, &endptr, 10);
if (p == endptr || *endptr != 0) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
} else {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
if (cmd[MEM_REGION].count() > 0) {
use_memory_map = true;
option::Option *opt = cmd[MEM_REGION].first();
traced_memory_map.add(begin, size);
while(opt != 0) {
char *endptr;
guest_address_t begin = strtol(opt->arg, &endptr, 16);
guest_address_t size;
if (endptr == opt->arg) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
m_log << "Adding " << opt->arg << " 0x" << std::hex << begin
<< "+" << std::dec << size << " to trace map" << std::endl;
char delim = *endptr;
if (delim == 0) {
size = 1;
} else if(delim == ':') {
char *p = endptr +1;
size = strtol(p, &endptr, 16) - begin;
if (p == endptr || *endptr != 0) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
} else if(delim == '+') {
char *p = endptr +1;
size = strtol(p, &endptr, 10);
if (p == endptr || *endptr != 0) {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
} else {
m_log << "Couldn't parse " << opt->arg << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
opt = opt->next();
}
}
traced_memory_map.add(begin, size);
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).isValid());
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).isValid());
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).isValid());
m_log << "Adding " << opt->arg << " 0x" << std::hex << begin
<< "+" << std::dec << size << " to trace map" << std::endl;
m_log << "start symbol: " << start_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
m_log << "save symbol: " << save_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
m_log << "stop symbol: " << stop_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
opt = opt->next();
}
}
if (cmd[FULL_TRACE]) {
this->full_trace = true;
}
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).isValid());
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).isValid());
assert(m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).isValid());
m_log << "start symbol: " << start_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
m_log << "save symbol: " << save_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
m_log << "stop symbol: " << stop_symbol << " 0x" << std::hex << m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).getAddress() << std::endl;
m_log << "state file: " << state_file << std::endl;
m_log << "trace file: " << trace_file << std::endl;
m_log << "full-trace: " << this->full_trace << std::endl;
m_log << "state file: " << state_file << std::endl;
m_log << "trace file: " << trace_file << std::endl;
}
bool GenericTracing::run()
{
parseOptions();
parseOptions();
BPSingleListener l_start_symbol(m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).getAddress());
BPSingleListener l_save_symbol (m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).getAddress());
BPSingleListener l_stop_symbol (m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).getAddress());
BPSingleListener l_start_symbol(m_elf->getSymbol(start_symbol).getAddress());
BPSingleListener l_save_symbol (m_elf->getSymbol(save_symbol).getAddress());
BPSingleListener l_stop_symbol (m_elf->getSymbol(stop_symbol).getAddress());
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// STEP 1: run until interesting function starts, start the tracing
simulator.addListenerAndResume(&l_start_symbol);
m_log << start_symbol << " reached, start tracing" << std::endl;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// STEP 1: run until interesting function starts, start the tracing
simulator.addListenerAndResume(&l_start_symbol);
m_log << start_symbol << " reached, start tracing" << std::endl;
// restrict memory access logging to injection target
TracingPlugin tp;
// restrict memory access logging to injection target
TracingPlugin tp;
tp.setFullTrace(this->full_trace);
if (use_memory_map) {
m_log << "Use restricted memory map for tracing" << std::endl;
tp.restrictMemoryAddresses(&traced_memory_map);
}
if (use_memory_map) {
m_log << "Use restricted memory map for tracing" << std::endl;
tp.restrictMemoryAddresses(&traced_memory_map);
}
ogzstream of(trace_file.c_str());
if (of.bad()) {
m_log << "Couldn't open trace file: " << trace_file << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
tp.setTraceFile(&of);
ogzstream of(trace_file.c_str());
if (of.bad()) {
m_log << "Couldn't open trace file: " << trace_file << std::endl;
exit(-1);
}
tp.setTraceFile(&of);
// this must be done *after* configuring the plugin:
simulator.addFlow(&tp);
// this must be done *after* configuring the plugin:
simulator.addFlow(&tp);
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// STEP 2: continue to the save point, and save state
if (start_symbol != save_symbol) {
simulator.addListenerAndResume(&l_save_symbol);
}
m_log << start_symbol << " reached, save state" << std::endl;
simulator.save(state_file);
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// STEP 2: continue to the save point, and save state
if (start_symbol != save_symbol) {
simulator.addListenerAndResume(&l_save_symbol);
}
m_log << start_symbol << " reached, save state" << std::endl;
simulator.save(state_file);
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Step 3: Continue to the stop point
simulator.addListener(&l_stop_symbol);
simulator.resume();
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Step 3: Continue to the stop point
simulator.addListener(&l_stop_symbol);
simulator.resume();
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Step 4: tear down the tracing
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Step 4: tear down the tracing
simulator.removeFlow(&tp);
// serialize trace to file
@ -222,7 +232,7 @@ bool GenericTracing::run()
m_log << "failed to write " << trace_file << std::endl;
return false;
}
of.close();
of.close();
simulator.clearListeners();
simulator.terminate();

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@ -11,25 +11,27 @@
class GenericTracing : public fail::ExperimentFlow {
std::string start_symbol;
std::string stop_symbol;
std::string save_symbol;
std::string start_symbol;
std::string stop_symbol;
std::string save_symbol;
std::string state_file;
std::string trace_file;
std::string elf_file;
std::string state_file;
std::string trace_file;
std::string elf_file;
bool use_memory_map;
fail::MemoryMap traced_memory_map;
bool use_memory_map;
fail::MemoryMap traced_memory_map;
fail::Logger m_log;
fail::ElfReader *m_elf;
bool full_trace;
fail::Logger m_log;
fail::ElfReader *m_elf;
public:
void parseOptions();
void parseOptions();
bool run();
GenericTracing() : m_log("GenericTracing", false) {};
GenericTracing() : full_trace(false), m_log("GenericTracing", false) {};
};
#endif // __TRACING_TEST_HPP__

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@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include "sal/SALInst.hpp"
#include "sal/Register.hpp"
#include "sal/Memory.hpp"
#include "sal/Listener.hpp"
#include "TracingPlugin.hpp"
@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ using namespace fail;
bool TracingPlugin::run()
{
MemoryManager& mm = simulator.getMemoryManager();
MemAccessListener ev_mem(ANY_ADDR);
BPSingleListener ev_step(ANY_ADDR);
BaseListener *ev;
@ -23,13 +27,24 @@ bool TracingPlugin::run()
if(m_protoStreamFile) {
ps = new ProtoOStream(m_protoStreamFile);
}
#ifdef BUILD_X86
size_t ids[] = {RID_CSP, RID_CBP, RID_FLAGS};
#else
size_t ids[] = {};
#endif
Register *regs[sizeof(ids)/sizeof(*ids)];
for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(ids)/sizeof(*ids); ++i)
regs[i] = simulator.getCPU(0).getRegister(ids[i]);
while (true) {
ev = simulator.resume();
if (ev == &ev_step) {
simulator.addListener(&ev_step);
address_t ip = ev_step.getTriggerInstructionPointer();
if (m_ipMap && !m_ipMap->isMatching(ip)) {
continue;
@ -49,15 +64,15 @@ bool TracingPlugin::run()
address_t addr = ev_mem.getTriggerAddress();
size_t width = ev_mem.getTriggerWidth();
if ((m_ipMap && !m_ipMap->isMatching(ip)) ||
(m_memMap && !m_memMap->isMatching(addr, width))) {
(m_memMap && !m_memMap->isMatching(addr, width))) {
continue;
}
if (m_os)
*m_os << hex << "[Tracing] MEM "
<< ((ev_mem.getTriggerAccessType() &
MemAccessEvent::MEM_READ) ? "R " : "W ")
<< addr << " width " << width << " IP " << ip << "\n";
<< ((ev_mem.getTriggerAccessType() &
MemAccessEvent::MEM_READ) ? "R " : "W ")
<< addr << " width " << width << " IP " << ip << "\n";
if (m_protoStreamFile) {
Trace_Event e;
e.set_ip(ip);
@ -66,6 +81,29 @@ bool TracingPlugin::run()
e.set_accesstype(
(ev_mem.getTriggerAccessType() & MemAccessEvent::MEM_READ) ?
e.READ : e.WRITE);
/* When we're doing a full trace, we log more data in
the case of a memory event */
if (m_full_trace) {
Trace_Event_Extended &ext = *e.mutable_trace_ext();
// Read the accessed data
assert(width <= 8);
uint64_t data = 0;
mm.getBytes(addr, width, &data);
ext.set_data(data);
for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(ids)/sizeof(*ids); ++i) {
Trace_Event_Extended_Registers *er = ext.add_registers();
er->set_id(ids[i]);
er->set_value(simulator.getCPU(0).getRegisterContent(regs[i]));
if (er->value() <= mm.getPoolSize() - width) {
uint32_t value_deref;
mm.getBytes(er->value(), 4, &value_deref);
er->set_value_deref(value_deref);
}
}
}
ps->writeMessage(&e);
}
} else {

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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
* \brief Plugin to record instruction traces and memory accesses.
*
* This plugin is supposed to be instantiated, configured and run by
* experiments needing instruction or memory access traces. Tracing can be
* experiments needing instruction or memory access traces. Tracing can be
* restricted to a memory or instruction address map; the restrictions are
* applied together, i.e., a memory access is only logged if neither its
* instruction address nor its memory address is restricted.
@ -29,10 +29,10 @@
* TODO: document usage by example
* FIXME: handle configuration changes after tracing start properly
* FIXME: more explicit startup/shutdown; listener-based event interface needed?
* -> should simulator.removeFlow make sure all remaining active events
* are delivered?
* -> should simulator.removeFlow make sure all remaining active events
* are delivered?
* FIXME: trace a sequence of pb messages, not a giant single one (pb weren't
* made for huge messages)
* made for huge messages)
* FIXME: destructor -> removeFlow?
*/
class TracingPlugin : public fail::ExperimentFlow
@ -42,18 +42,19 @@ private:
fail::MemoryMap *m_ipMap; //!< instruction address restriction
bool m_memonly; //!< log instructions only if they are memory accesses
bool m_iponly; //!< log instruction addresses only
bool m_full_trace; //!< do a full trace (more information for the events)
std::ostream *m_protoStreamFile;
std::ostream *m_os; //!< ostream to write human-readable trace into
fail::ProtoOStream *ps;
public:
TracingPlugin()
TracingPlugin(bool full_trace = false)
: m_memMap(0), m_ipMap(0), m_memonly(false), m_iponly(false),
m_protoStreamFile(0), m_os(0) { }
m_full_trace(full_trace), m_protoStreamFile(0), m_os(0) { }
bool run();
/**
* Restricts tracing to memory addresses listed in this MemoryMap. An
* Restricts tracing to memory addresses listed in this MemoryMap. An
* access wider than 8 bit *is* logged if *one* of the bytes it
* reads/writes is listed.
*/
@ -75,6 +76,10 @@ public:
* If invoked with iponly=true, only instruction addresses are logged.
*/
void setLogIPOnly(bool iponly) { m_iponly = iponly; }
/**
* If invoked with fulltrace=true, a extended (full) trace is done.
*/
void setFullTrace(bool fulltrace) { m_full_trace = fulltrace; }
/**
* ostream to trace into (human-readable)
*/

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@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
message Trace_Event_Extended {
// data value read/written
optional uint64 data = 5;
// register contents
repeated group Registers = 6 {
// register ID
required uint32 id = 1;
// register value
optional uint64 value = 2;
// data register points to
optional uint32 value_deref = 3;
}
// selected stack content
repeated group Stack = 7 {
required uint32 value = 1;
}
}
message Trace_Event {
required uint64 ip = 1;
optional uint64 memaddr = 2;
@ -7,4 +25,7 @@ message Trace_Event {
WRITE = 2;
}
optional AccessType accesstype = 4;
optional Trace_Event_Extended trace_ext = 5;
}

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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
all: trace_pb2.py
trace_pb2.py: ../../src/plugins/tracing/trace.proto
protoc --python_out=. --proto_path `dirname $<` $<

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@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
import trace_pb2
import sys
import struct
from gzip import GzipFile
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "tracefile.pb"
@ -13,14 +14,21 @@ if len(sys.argv) != 2:
trace_event = trace_pb2.Trace_Event()
def open_trace(filename):
f = open(filename, "rb")
if ord(f.read(1)) == 0x1f and ord(f.read(1)) == 0x8b:
f.seek(0,0)
return GzipFile(fileobj = f)
f.seek(0,0)
return f
try:
f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")
f = open_trace(sys.argv[1])
except IOError:
print sys.argv[1] + ": Could not open file."
sys.exit(-1)
while 1:
while True:
# Read trace length
try:
lengthNO = f.read(4)
@ -34,14 +42,21 @@ while 1:
trace_event.ParseFromString(f.read(length))
# This works for any type of pb message:
#print trace_event
# print trace_event
# More compact dump for traces:
if not trace_event.HasField("memaddr"):
print "IP {0:x}".format(trace_event.ip)
else:
print "MEM {0} {1:x} width {2:d} IP {3:x}".format(
ext = ""
if trace_event.HasField("trace_ext"):
ext = "DATA {0:x}".format(trace_event.trace_ext.data)
for reg in trace_event.trace_ext.registers:
ext += " REG: {0} *{1:x}={2:x}".format(reg.id, reg.value, reg.value_deref)
if len(trace_event.trace_ext.stack) > 0:
ext += " STACK: " + "".join(["%x"%x for x in trace_event.trace_ext.stack])
print "MEM {0} {1:x} width {2:d} IP {3:x} {4}".format(
"R" if trace_event.accesstype == trace_pb2.Trace_Event.READ else "W",
trace_event.memaddr, trace_event.width, trace_event.ip)
trace_event.memaddr, trace_event.width, trace_event.ip, ext)
f.close()