From ceb17dd2c1fbd5209320814f55765e5fe5cd3d23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Urlacher <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jun 2022 13:08:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/16] add vorgabe08

---
 c_os/kernel/Paging.cc                   | 212 ++++++++++++++++
 c_os/kernel/Paging.h                    |  72 ++++++
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc    | 316 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h     |  21 ++
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc |  16 +-
 c_os/startup.asm                        |  71 +++++-
 6 files changed, 702 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
 create mode 100644 c_os/kernel/Paging.h
 create mode 100644 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
 create mode 100644 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/startup.asm

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b47ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                              P A G I N G                                  *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Rudimentaeres Paging: 1:1 Mapping fuer gesamten logischen*
+ *                  Adressraum. logische Adresse = physikalische Adresse     *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                  Page-Directory (alle Eintraege present, read/write       *
+ *                      0. Eintrag zeigt auf eine Page-Table (4 KB Eintraege)*
+ *                      Alle restl. Eintraege sind 4 MB Seiten und verweisen *
+ *                      somit auf keine Page-Tabelle sondern direkt auf die  *
+ *                      4 MB Seite.                                          *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                  Page-Table (Logische Adressen 0 - 4 MB)                  *
+ *                      1. Eintrag not present, read-only                    *
+ *                          -> Null-Pointer abfangen                         *
+ *                      2. restl. Eintraege present & read/write             *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Memory-Laylout                                                            *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                  boot.asm                                                 *
+ *                      0x07c0: Bootsector vom BIOS geladen                  *
+ *                      0x0060: Boot-Code verschiebt sich hier hin           *
+ *                      0x9000: Setup-Code (max. 64K inkl. Stack) vom        *
+ *                              Bootsector-Code geladen                      *
+ *                  setup.asm                                                *
+ *                      0x1000: System-Code (max. 512K) geladen              *
+ *                  BIOS-Aufruf                                              *
+ *                     0x24000: Parameter fuer BIOS-Aufurf                   *
+ *                     0x25000: Altes ESP sichern, vor BIOS-Aufruf           *
+ *                     0x26000: 16-Bit Code-Segment fuer BIOS-Aufurf         *
+ *                  System-Code                                              *
+ *                    0x100000:	System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
+ *                              den Protected Mode kopiert (GRUB kann nur    *
+ *                              an Adressen >1M laden)                       *
+ *           Globale Variablen: Direkt nach dem Code liegen die globalen     *
+ *                              Variablen.                                   *
+ *                      Paging:                                              *
+ *                    0x200000:	Page-Directory                               *
+ *                    0x201000:	Page-Table                                   *
+ *                    0x202000:	erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
+ *                    0x3FF000:	Anfang der letzten allozierbaren Page        *
+ *                        Heap:                                              *
+ *                    0x400000:	Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
+ *                        Ende: Letzte Adresse des phys. Speichers           *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 20.12.2018                           *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+#include "kernel/Globals.h"
+#include "kernel/Paging.h"
+
+
+// Bits fuer Eintraege in der Page-Table
+#define PAGE_PRESENT        0x001
+#define PAGE_WRITEABLE      0x002
+#define PAGE_BIGSIZE        0x080
+#define PAGE_RESERVED       0x800   // Bit 11 ist frei fuer das OS
+
+// Adresse des Page-Directory (benoetigt 4 KB)
+#define PAGE_DIRECTORY      0x200000
+
+// Adresse der Page-Table (benoetigt 4 KB)
+#define PAGE_TABLE          0x201000
+
+// Start- und End-Adresse der 4 KB Seiten die durch die Page-Table adressiert werden 
+#define FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE  0x202000
+#define LST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE  0x2FF000
+
+
+// Externe Funktionen in startup.asm 
+extern "C" {
+    void paging_on (unsigned int* p_pdir);		// Paging einschalten
+    void invalidate_tlb_entry(unsigned int* ptr);	// Page in TLB invalid.
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        pg_alloc_page                                            *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Alloziert eine 4 KB Seite. Allozieren heisst hier        *
+ *                  lediglich Setzen eines eigenen RESERVED-Bits.            *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+ unsigned int * pg_alloc_page() {
+    unsigned int *p_page;
+    
+    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
+    
+    // 1. Eintrag ist fuer Null-Pointer-Exception reserviert
+    // ausserdem liegt an die Page-Table an Adresse PAGE_TABLE
+    // somit ist est PAGE_TABLE + 4 KB frei (bis max. 3 MB, da beginnt der Heap)
+    for (int i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
+        p_page ++;
+        // pruefe ob Page frei
+        if ( ((*p_page) & PAGE_RESERVED) == 0) {
+            *p_page = ( *p_page | PAGE_RESERVED);
+            return (unsigned int*)(i<<12);
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        pg_write_protect_page                                    *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Schreibschutz fuer die uebergebene Seite aktivieren.     *
+ *                  Dies fuer das Debugging nuetzlich.                       *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
+
+   /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        pg_notpresent_page                                       *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Seite als ausgelagert markieren. Nur fuer Testzwecke.    *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
+
+   /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        pg_free_page                                             *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Gibt eine 4 KB Seite frei. Es wird hierbei das RESERVED- *
+ *                  Bit geloescht.                                           *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void pg_free_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
+    int idx = (unsigned int)p_page >> 12;
+    
+    // ausserhalb Page ?
+    if (idx < 1 || idx > 1023) return ;
+    
+    // Eintrag einlesen und aendern (PAGE_WRITEABLE loeschen)
+    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
+    p_page += idx;
+    
+    *p_page = ((idx << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        pg_init                                                  *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Page-Tables einrichten und Paging mithilfe von           * 
+ *                  startup.asm aktivieren.                                  *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void pg_init() {
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned int *p_pdir;   // Zeiger auf Page-Directory
+    unsigned int *p_page;   // Zeiger auf einzige Page-Table fuer 4 KB Pages
+    unsigned int num_pages; // Anzahl 4 MB Pages die phys. Adressraum umfassen
+    
+    // wie viele 4 MB Seiten sollen als 'Present' angelegt werden,
+    // sodass genau der physikalische Adressraum abgedeckt ist?
+    num_pages = total_mem/(4096*1024);
+    
+    kout << "pg_init: " << total_mem << endl;
+    
+    kout << "   total_mem: " << total_mem << endl;
+    kout << "   #pages: " << total_mem/(4096*1024) << endl;
+    
+
+    //
+    // Aufbau des Page-Directory
+    //
+    
+    // Eintrag 0: Zeiger auf 4 KB Page-Table
+    p_pdir = (unsigned int*) PAGE_DIRECTORY;
+    *p_pdir = PAGE_TABLE | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT;
+
+    // Eintraege 1-1023: Direktes Mapping (1:1) auf 4 MB Pages (ohne Page-Table)
+    for (i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
+        p_pdir ++;
+        if (i>num_pages)
+            *p_pdir = ( (i<<22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE);
+        else
+            *p_pdir = ( (i<<22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
+    }
+    
+
+    //
+    // 1. Page-Table
+    //
+    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
+    
+    // ersten Eintrag loeschen -> not present, write protected -> Null-Pointer abfangen
+    *p_page = 0;
+
+    // Eintraege 1-1023: Direktes Mapping (1:1) auf 4 KB page frames
+    for (i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
+        p_page ++;
+        
+        // Seiten unter FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE reservieren, damit diese nicht
+        // alloziert werden und das System kaputt geht
+        if ( (i<<12) >= FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE)
+            *p_page = ((i << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
+        else
+            *p_page = ((i << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_RESERVED);
+    }
+
+    // Paging aktivieren (in startup.asm)
+    paging_on( (unsigned int*) PAGE_DIRECTORY );
+}
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.h b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1878fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                              P A G I N G                                  *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Rudimentaeres Paging: 1:1 Mapping fuer gesamten logischen*
+ *                  Adressraum. logische Adresse = physikalische Adresse     *
+ *                                                                           *
+  *                  Page-Directory (alle Eintraege present, read/write       *
+ *                      0. Eintrag zeigt auf eine Page-Table (4 KB Eintraege)*
+ *                      Alle restl. Eintraege sind 4 MB Seiten und verweisen *
+ *                      somit auf keine Page-Tabelle sondern direkt auf die  *
+ *                      4 MB Seite.                                          *
+*                                                                           *
+ *                  Page-Table (Logische Adressen 0 - 4 MB)                  *
+ *                      1. Eintrag not present, read-only                    *
+ *                          -> Null-Pointer abfangen                         *
+ *                      2. restl. Eintraege present & read/write             *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Memory-Laylout                                                            *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                  boot.asm                                                 *
+ *                      0x07c0: Bootsector vom BIOS geladen                  *
+ *                      0x0060: Boot-Code verschiebt sich hier hin           *
+ *                      0x9000: Setup-Code (max. 64K inkl. Stack) vom        *
+ *                              Bootsector-Code geladen                      *
+ *                  setup.asm                                                *
+ *                      0x1000: System-Code (max. 512K) geladen              *
+ *                  BIOS-Aufruf                                              *
+ *                     0x24000: Parameter fuer BIOS-Aufurf                   *
+ *                     0x25000: Altes ESP sichern, vor BIOS-Aufruf           *
+ *                     0x26000: 16-Bit Code-Segment fuer BIOS-Aufurf         *
+ *                  System-Code                                              *
+ *                    0x100000:	System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
+ *                              den Protected Mode kopiert (GRUB kann nur    *
+ *                              an Adressen >1M laden)                       *
+ *           Globale Variablen: Direkt nach dem Code liegen die globalen     *
+ *                              Variablen.                                   *
+ *                      Paging:                                              *
+ *                    0x200000:	Page-Directory                               *
+ *                    0x201000:	Page-Table                                   *
+ *                    0x202000:	erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
+ *                    0x3FF000:	letzte allozierbare Page                     *
+ *                        Heap:                                              *
+ *                    0x400000:	Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
+ *                        Ende: Letzte Adresse des phys. Speichers           *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 2.2.2017                             *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef __Paging_include__
+#define __Paging_include__
+
+// ativiert paging
+extern void pg_init();
+
+// alloziert eine 4 KB Page
+extern unsigned int * pg_alloc_page();
+
+// Schreibschutz auf Seite setzen -> fuer debugging nuetzlich
+extern void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+
+// Present Bit loeschen
+extern void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+
+// gibt eine 4 KB Page frei
+extern void pg_free_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+
+#endif
+
+
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9af449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                          B L U E S C R E E N                              *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Ein Bluescreen, falls eine x86 Exception auftritt. Evt.  *
+ *                  ist der Stack und oder Heap kaputt, weswegen hier nicht  *
+ *                  kout etc. verwendet wird.                                *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 11.12.2018                           *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+#include "kernel/Globals.h"
+#include "devices/CGA.h"
+
+
+// in startup.asm
+extern "C" {
+    // CR2 auslesen
+    unsigned int get_page_fault_address();
+    
+    // 1st level interrupt handler in startup.asm sichert Zeiger auf Stackframe
+    // unmittelbar nach dem Interrupt und nachdem alle Register mit PUSHAD
+    // gesichert wurden
+    // |-------------|
+    // |    EFLAGS   |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |      CS     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EIP     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // | [ErrorCode] |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EAX     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     ECX     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EDX     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EBX     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     ESP     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EBP     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     ESI     |
+    // |-------------|
+    // |     EDI     |
+    // |-------------| <-- int_esp
+
+    void get_int_esp (unsigned int** esp);
+
+}
+
+
+void break_on_bluescreen() {
+    
+    /* wenn auf diese Methode ein breakpoint in GDB gesetzt wird
+     so kann man sich mithilfe des Hex-Dumps umsehen
+     */
+    
+}
+
+// Cursor-Position
+int bs_xpos = 0;
+int bs_ypos = 0;
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_clear                                                 *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Bildschirm loeschen.                                     *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_clear() {
+    unsigned int x,y;
+    unsigned short *ptr = (unsigned short*)0xb8000;
+    
+    for (x=0; x<80; x++) {
+        for (y=0; y<25; y++)
+    	*(ptr + y*80 + x) = (short)0x1F00;
+    }
+
+    bs_xpos = 0;
+    bs_ypos = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_lf                                                    *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Zeilenvorschub.                                          *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_lf() {
+    bs_ypos++;
+    bs_xpos=0;
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_print_char                                            *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Ein Zeichen ausgeben.                                    *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_print_char(char c) {
+    unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char*)0xb8000;
+    
+    *(ptr + bs_ypos*80*2 + bs_xpos*2) = c;
+    bs_xpos++;
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_print_string                                          *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Eine Zeichenkette ausgeben.                              *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_print_string(char *str) {
+    
+    while ( *str != '\0' ) {
+        bs_print_char( *str );
+        str++;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:       bs_printHexDigit                                          *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:   Ein Hex-Zeichen ausgeben.                                 *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_printHexDigit(int c) {
+    if (c<10)   bs_print_char('0'+(unsigned char)c);
+    else        bs_print_char('A'+(unsigned char)(c-10));
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:       bs_print_uintHex                                          *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:   Integer ausgeben.                                         *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_print_uintHex(unsigned int c) {
+    for (int i=28; i>=0; i=i-4) {
+        bs_printHexDigit( (c>>i)&0xF );
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_printReg                                              *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    String mit Integer ausgeben. Wird verwendet um ein       *
+ *                  Register auszugeben.                                     *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_printReg(char *str, int value) {
+    bs_print_string(str);
+    bs_print_uintHex(value);
+    bs_print_string("   \0");
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * Funktion:        bs_dump                                                  *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Hauptroutine des Bluescreens.                            *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+void bs_dump (unsigned int exceptionNr) {
+    unsigned int *int_esp;
+    unsigned int *sptr;
+    unsigned int faultAdress;
+    unsigned int has_error_code = 0;
+    
+    
+    bs_clear ();
+    bs_print_string("HHUos crashed with Exception\0");
+
+    // Exception mit Error-Code?
+    if ( (exceptionNr>=8 && exceptionNr<=14) || exceptionNr==17 || exceptionNr==30) 
+       has_error_code = 1;
+
+    // Liegt ein Page-Fault vor? 
+    if (exceptionNr==14) {
+        faultAdress = get_page_fault_address();
+        // Zugriff auf Seite 0 ? -> Null-Ptr. Exception
+        if ((faultAdress & 0xFFFFF000) == 0)
+            exceptionNr=0x1B;
+    }
+
+    bs_print_uintHex(exceptionNr);
+    bs_print_string(" (\0");
+
+    // Spruch ausgeben
+    switch (exceptionNr) {
+        case 0x00: bs_print_string("Divide Error\0");                   break;
+        case 0x01: bs_print_string("Debug Exception\0");                break;
+        case 0x02: bs_print_string("NMI\0");                            break;
+        case 0x03: bs_print_string("Breakpoint Exception\0");           break;
+        case 0x04: bs_print_string("Into Exception\0");                 break;
+        case 0x05: bs_print_string("Index out of range Exception\0");   break;
+        case 0x06: bs_print_string("Invalid Opcode\0");                 break;
+        case 0x08: bs_print_string("Double Fault\0");                   break;
+        case 0x0D: bs_print_string("General Protection Error\0");       break;
+        case 0x0E: bs_print_string("Page Fault\0");                     break;
+        case 0x18: bs_print_string("Stack invalid\0");                  break;
+        case 0x19: bs_print_string("Return missing\0");                 break;
+        case 0x1A: bs_print_string("Type Test Failed\0");               break;
+        case 0x1B: bs_print_string("Null pointer exception\0");         break;
+        case 0x1C: bs_print_string("MAGIC.StackTest failed\0");         break;
+        case 0x1D: bs_print_string("Memory-Panic\0");                   break;
+        case 0x1E: bs_print_string("Pageload failed\0");                break;
+        case 0x1F: bs_print_string("Stack overflow\0");                 break;
+        default:   bs_print_string("unknown\0");
+    }
+    bs_print_string(")\0"); bs_lf();
+
+    // Zeiger auf int_esp ueber startup.asm beschaffen (Stack-Layout siehe Anfang dieser Datei)
+    get_int_esp (&int_esp);
+
+    // wir müssen den Inhalt auslesen und das als Zeiger verwenden, um den Stack auszulesen
+    sptr = (unsigned int*) *int_esp;
+
+    bs_lf();
+
+    // wichtigste Register ausgeben
+    
+    // Exception mit Error-Code?
+    bs_printReg("EIP=\0", *(sptr + 8 + has_error_code) );
+	bs_printReg("EBP=\0", *(sptr + 2) );
+    bs_printReg("ESP=\0", *(sptr + 3) );
+    bs_printReg(" CS=\0", *(sptr + 9 + has_error_code) );
+    bs_lf();
+
+
+    // verbleibende nicht-fluechtige Register ausgeben
+    bs_printReg("EBX=\0", *(sptr + 4) );
+    bs_printReg("ESI=\0", *(sptr + 1) );
+    bs_printReg("EDI=\0", *(sptr) );
+    bs_lf();
+    
+    // verbleibende fluechtige Register ausgeben
+    bs_printReg("EDX=\0", *(sptr + 5) );
+    bs_printReg("ECX=\0", *(sptr + 6) );
+    bs_printReg("EAX=\0", *(sptr + 7) );
+    bs_printReg("EFL=\0", *(sptr + 10) );
+    bs_lf();
+
+
+    // Pagefault oder Null-Pointer?
+    if (exceptionNr==14 || exceptionNr==0x1B) {
+        bs_lf();
+        bs_print_string("Fault address = \0");
+        bs_print_uintHex(faultAdress);
+        bs_lf();
+        
+        bs_print_string("Last useable address = \0");
+        bs_print_uintHex(total_mem-1);
+        
+        bs_lf();
+    }
+
+    // Exception mit Error-Code?
+    if ( has_error_code == 1) {
+		int error_nr = *(sptr + 8);
+		
+		if (exceptionNr==14) {
+			if (error_nr==3) {
+	          bs_print_string("Error: write access to read-only page.\0");
+            }
+			else if (error_nr==2) {
+	          bs_print_string("Error: read access to not-present page.\0");
+		    }
+			else if (error_nr==0) {
+	          bs_print_string("Error: access to a not-present page.\0");
+		    }
+            else {
+              bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
+              bs_print_uintHex( error_nr );
+	        }   
+            bs_lf();
+		}
+		else {
+           bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
+           bs_print_uintHex( error_nr );
+           bs_lf();
+	   }
+    }
+
+    // Calling stack ...
+    bs_lf();
+    bs_print_string("Calling Stack:\0"); bs_lf();
+    int x = 0;
+    unsigned int *ebp = (unsigned int *) *(sptr + 2);
+    unsigned int raddr;
+    
+    // solange eip > 1 MB && ebp < 128 MB, max. Aufruftiefe 10
+    while ( *ebp>0x100000 &&  *ebp<0x8000000 && x<10 ) {
+        
+        raddr = *(ebp+1);
+        bs_printReg("   raddr=\0", raddr ); bs_lf();
+
+        // dynamische Kette -> zum Aufrufer
+        ebp = (unsigned int*) *ebp;
+        
+        x++;
+    }
+    if (x==0) {
+        bs_print_string("   empty\0"); bs_lf();
+    }
+    bs_lf();
+    
+    // nur falls gdb benutzt werden soll
+    break_on_bluescreen();
+    
+    bs_print_string("System halted\0");
+}
+
+
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fdea8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*****************************************************************************
+ *                                                                           *
+ *                          B L U E S C R E E N                              *
+ *                                                                           *
+ *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
+ * Beschreibung:    Ein Bluescreen, falls eine x86 Exception auftritt. Evt.  *
+ *                  ist der Stack und oder Heap kaputt, weswegen hier nicht  *
+ *                  kout etc. verwendet wird.                                *
+ *                                                                           *
+ * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 2.2.2017                             *
+ *****************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef __Bluescreen_include__
+#define __Bluescreen_include__
+
+// dump blue screen (will not return)
+void bs_dump (unsigned int exceptionNr);
+
+#endif
+
+
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
index af807b2..636105d 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
  *                                                                           *
  * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 31.8.2016                            *
  *****************************************************************************/
-#include "kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.h"
 #include "kernel/CPU.h"
 #include "kernel/Globals.h"
+#include "kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.h"
+#include "kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h"
+
 
 extern "C" void int_disp(unsigned int slot);
 
@@ -31,11 +33,19 @@ extern "C" void int_disp(unsigned int slot);
 void int_disp(unsigned int vector) {
 
     /* hier muss Code eingefuegt werden */
+    if (vector < 32) {
+        bs_dump(vector);
+        cpu.halt ();
+    }
 
-    // kout << "Ein Interrupt ist aufgetreten (vector: " << vector << ")" << endl;
-    intdis.report(vector);
+	if (intdis.report (vector) < 0) {
+        kout << "Panic: unexpected interrupt " << vector;
+        kout << " - processor halted." << endl;
+        cpu.halt ();
+	}
 }
 
+
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Konstruktor:     IntDispatcher::IntDispatcher                             *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
diff --git a/c_os/startup.asm b/c_os/startup.asm
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 5c365e3..f592caa
--- a/c_os/startup.asm
+++ b/c_os/startup.asm
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 ;*                  die weitere Ausfuehrung durch C-Code erfolgen kann.       *
 ;*                                                                            *
 ;* Autor:           Olaf Spinczyk, TU Dortmund                                *
-;*                  Michael Schoettner, HHU, 9.9.2016                         *
+;*                  Michael Schoettner, HHU, 15.12.2018                       *
 ;******************************************************************************
 
 ; Multiboot-Konstanten
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ MULTIBOOT_EAX_MAGIC	equ	0x2badb002
 [GLOBAL idt]
 [GLOBAL __cxa_pure_virtual]
 [GLOBAL bios_call]
+[GLOBAL invalidate_tlb_entry]
+[GLOBAL paging_on]
+[GLOBAL get_page_fault_address]
+[GLOBAL get_int_esp]
 
 ; Michael Schoettner:
 ; Nachfolgender label steht fuer das 'delete', welches jetzt implementiert
@@ -138,7 +142,9 @@ _fini_done:
 
 %macro wrapper 1
 wrapper_%1:
-	push	eax
+	pushad       ; alle Register sichern (fuer den Bluescreen)
+	mov ecx, int_esp ; Stack_zeiger sichern, fuer Zugriff im Bluescreen
+	mov [ecx], esp
 	mov	al,%1
 	jmp	wrapper_body
 %endmacro
@@ -161,7 +167,7 @@ wrapper_body:
 	add	esp,4		; Parameter vom Stack entfernen
 	pop	edx         ; fluechtige Register wieder herstellen
 	pop	ecx
-	pop	eax
+	popad           ; alle Register wiederherstellen
 	iret            ; fertig!
 
 ;
@@ -252,6 +258,46 @@ bios_call:
     lidt	[idt_descr]
     ret
 
+; Paging aktivieren
+; (siehe Paging.cc)
+paging_on:
+    mov eax,[4+esp]     ; Parameter Addr. Page-Dir. ins eax Register
+    mov ebx, cr4
+    or  ebx, 0x10       ; 4 MB Pages aktivieren
+    mov cr4, ebx        ; CR4 schreiben
+    mov cr3, eax        ; Page-Directory laden
+    mov ebx, cr0
+    or  ebx, 0x80010000 ; Paging aktivieren
+    mov cr0, ebx
+    ret
+
+; Paging-Fault-Adresse holen
+; (siehe Paging.cc)
+get_page_fault_address:
+    mov eax,cr2
+    ret
+
+; Invalidiert eine Seite im TLB. Dies notwendig, falls eine
+; die Bits Present, R/W in einem Seitentabelleneintrag  
+; geaendert werden. Falls die Seite im TLB gespeichert ist
+; wuerde die MMU nichts von diesen Aenderungen erkennen,
+; da die MMU dann nicht auf die Seitentabellen zugreift.
+; (siehe Paging.cc)
+invalidate_tlb_entry:
+	mov 	eax, [esp+4]
+ 	invlpg 	[eax]
+	ret
+
+; Auslesen von 'int_esp'
+; wird im Bluescreen benoetigt, um den Stacks zuzugreifen
+;
+; C Prototyp: void get_int_esp (unsigned int** esp);
+get_int_esp:
+    mov	eax,[4+esp]     ; esp
+    mov ecx, int_esp
+    mov [eax], ecx
+    ret
+
 
 [SECTION .data]
 	
@@ -319,3 +365,22 @@ gdt_48:
 idt16_descr:
     dw	1024    ; idt enthaelt max. 1024 Eintraege
     dd	0       ; Adresse 0
+
+;
+; Stack-Zeiger fuer Bluescreen
+; (genauerer Stack-Aufbau siehe Bluescreen.cc)
+;
+; |-------------|
+; |    EFLAGS   |
+; |-------------|
+; |      CS     |
+; |-------------|
+; |     EIP     |
+; |-------------|
+; | [ErrorCode] |
+; |-------------|
+; | alle Regs.  |
+; | (PUSHAD)    |
+; |-------------| <-- int_esp
+int_esp:
+    db 0,0,0,0

From 704af6a6fd382832d97f88f382d6a0b843fa305c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christoph Urlacher <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jun 2022 13:15:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/16] reformat

---
 c_os/kernel/Paging.cc                | 123 +++++++-------
 c_os/kernel/Paging.h                 |  10 +-
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc | 244 +++++++++++++--------------
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h  |   4 +-
 4 files changed, 180 insertions(+), 201 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
index 5b47ded..1f2b120 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
@@ -48,105 +48,98 @@
  *                                                                           *
  * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 20.12.2018                           *
  *****************************************************************************/
-#include "kernel/Globals.h"
 #include "kernel/Paging.h"
-
+#include "kernel/Globals.h"
 
 // Bits fuer Eintraege in der Page-Table
-#define PAGE_PRESENT        0x001
-#define PAGE_WRITEABLE      0x002
-#define PAGE_BIGSIZE        0x080
-#define PAGE_RESERVED       0x800   // Bit 11 ist frei fuer das OS
+#define PAGE_PRESENT 0x001
+#define PAGE_WRITEABLE 0x002
+#define PAGE_BIGSIZE 0x080
+#define PAGE_RESERVED 0x800  // Bit 11 ist frei fuer das OS
 
 // Adresse des Page-Directory (benoetigt 4 KB)
-#define PAGE_DIRECTORY      0x200000
+#define PAGE_DIRECTORY 0x200000
 
 // Adresse der Page-Table (benoetigt 4 KB)
-#define PAGE_TABLE          0x201000
+#define PAGE_TABLE 0x201000
 
-// Start- und End-Adresse der 4 KB Seiten die durch die Page-Table adressiert werden 
-#define FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE  0x202000
-#define LST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE  0x2FF000
+// Start- und End-Adresse der 4 KB Seiten die durch die Page-Table adressiert werden
+#define FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE 0x202000
+#define LST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE 0x2FF000
 
-
-// Externe Funktionen in startup.asm 
+// Externe Funktionen in startup.asm
 extern "C" {
-    void paging_on (unsigned int* p_pdir);		// Paging einschalten
-    void invalidate_tlb_entry(unsigned int* ptr);	// Page in TLB invalid.
+    void paging_on(unsigned int* p_pdir);          // Paging einschalten
+    void invalidate_tlb_entry(unsigned int* ptr);  // Page in TLB invalid.
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        pg_alloc_page                                            *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Alloziert eine 4 KB Seite. Allozieren heisst hier        *
  *                  lediglich Setzen eines eigenen RESERVED-Bits.            *
  *****************************************************************************/
- unsigned int * pg_alloc_page() {
-    unsigned int *p_page;
-    
-    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
-    
+unsigned int* pg_alloc_page() {
+    unsigned int* p_page;
+
+    p_page = (unsigned int*)PAGE_TABLE;
+
     // 1. Eintrag ist fuer Null-Pointer-Exception reserviert
     // ausserdem liegt an die Page-Table an Adresse PAGE_TABLE
     // somit ist est PAGE_TABLE + 4 KB frei (bis max. 3 MB, da beginnt der Heap)
     for (int i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
-        p_page ++;
+        p_page++;
         // pruefe ob Page frei
-        if ( ((*p_page) & PAGE_RESERVED) == 0) {
-            *p_page = ( *p_page | PAGE_RESERVED);
-            return (unsigned int*)(i<<12);
+        if (((*p_page) & PAGE_RESERVED) == 0) {
+            *p_page = (*p_page | PAGE_RESERVED);
+            return (unsigned int*)(i << 12);
         }
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        pg_write_protect_page                                    *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Schreibschutz fuer die uebergebene Seite aktivieren.     *
  *                  Dies fuer das Debugging nuetzlich.                       *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
-
-   /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
 
+    /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        pg_notpresent_page                                       *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Seite als ausgelagert markieren. Nur fuer Testzwecke.    *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
-
-   /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
 
+    /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        pg_free_page                                             *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Gibt eine 4 KB Seite frei. Es wird hierbei das RESERVED- *
  *                  Bit geloescht.                                           *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void pg_free_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
+void pg_free_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
     int idx = (unsigned int)p_page >> 12;
-    
+
     // ausserhalb Page ?
-    if (idx < 1 || idx > 1023) return ;
-    
+    if (idx < 1 || idx > 1023) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     // Eintrag einlesen und aendern (PAGE_WRITEABLE loeschen)
-    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
+    p_page = (unsigned int*)PAGE_TABLE;
     p_page += idx;
-    
+
     *p_page = ((idx << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        pg_init                                                  *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
@@ -155,58 +148,58 @@ void pg_free_page(unsigned int *p_page) {
  *****************************************************************************/
 void pg_init() {
     unsigned int i;
-    unsigned int *p_pdir;   // Zeiger auf Page-Directory
-    unsigned int *p_page;   // Zeiger auf einzige Page-Table fuer 4 KB Pages
-    unsigned int num_pages; // Anzahl 4 MB Pages die phys. Adressraum umfassen
-    
+    unsigned int* p_pdir;    // Zeiger auf Page-Directory
+    unsigned int* p_page;    // Zeiger auf einzige Page-Table fuer 4 KB Pages
+    unsigned int num_pages;  // Anzahl 4 MB Pages die phys. Adressraum umfassen
+
     // wie viele 4 MB Seiten sollen als 'Present' angelegt werden,
     // sodass genau der physikalische Adressraum abgedeckt ist?
-    num_pages = total_mem/(4096*1024);
-    
+    num_pages = total_mem / (4096 * 1024);
+
     kout << "pg_init: " << total_mem << endl;
-    
+
     kout << "   total_mem: " << total_mem << endl;
-    kout << "   #pages: " << total_mem/(4096*1024) << endl;
-    
+    kout << "   #pages: " << total_mem / (4096 * 1024) << endl;
 
     //
     // Aufbau des Page-Directory
     //
-    
+
     // Eintrag 0: Zeiger auf 4 KB Page-Table
-    p_pdir = (unsigned int*) PAGE_DIRECTORY;
+    p_pdir = (unsigned int*)PAGE_DIRECTORY;
     *p_pdir = PAGE_TABLE | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT;
 
     // Eintraege 1-1023: Direktes Mapping (1:1) auf 4 MB Pages (ohne Page-Table)
     for (i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
-        p_pdir ++;
-        if (i>num_pages)
-            *p_pdir = ( (i<<22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE);
-        else
-            *p_pdir = ( (i<<22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
+        p_pdir++;
+        if (i > num_pages) {
+            *p_pdir = ((i << 22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE);
+        } else {
+            *p_pdir = ((i << 22) | PAGE_BIGSIZE | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
+        }
     }
-    
 
     //
     // 1. Page-Table
     //
-    p_page = (unsigned int*) PAGE_TABLE;
-    
+    p_page = (unsigned int*)PAGE_TABLE;
+
     // ersten Eintrag loeschen -> not present, write protected -> Null-Pointer abfangen
     *p_page = 0;
 
     // Eintraege 1-1023: Direktes Mapping (1:1) auf 4 KB page frames
     for (i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
-        p_page ++;
-        
+        p_page++;
+
         // Seiten unter FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE reservieren, damit diese nicht
         // alloziert werden und das System kaputt geht
-        if ( (i<<12) >= FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE)
+        if ((i << 12) >= FST_ALLOCABLE_PAGE) {
             *p_page = ((i << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT);
-        else
+        } else {
             *p_page = ((i << 12) | PAGE_WRITEABLE | PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_RESERVED);
+        }
     }
 
     // Paging aktivieren (in startup.asm)
-    paging_on( (unsigned int*) PAGE_DIRECTORY );
+    paging_on((unsigned int*)PAGE_DIRECTORY);
 }
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.h b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
index b1878fa..5abea90 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
@@ -56,17 +56,15 @@
 extern void pg_init();
 
 // alloziert eine 4 KB Page
-extern unsigned int * pg_alloc_page();
+extern unsigned int* pg_alloc_page();
 
 // Schreibschutz auf Seite setzen -> fuer debugging nuetzlich
-extern void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+extern void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int* p_page);
 
 // Present Bit loeschen
-extern void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+extern void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int* p_page);
 
 // gibt eine 4 KB Page frei
-extern void pg_free_page(unsigned int *p_page);
+extern void pg_free_page(unsigned int* p_page);
 
 #endif
-
-
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
index f9af449..8a39c63 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@
  *                                                                           *
  * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 11.12.2018                           *
  *****************************************************************************/
-#include "kernel/Globals.h"
 #include "devices/CGA.h"
-
+#include "kernel/Globals.h"
 
 // in startup.asm
 extern "C" {
     // CR2 auslesen
     unsigned int get_page_fault_address();
-    
+
     // 1st level interrupt handler in startup.asm sichert Zeiger auf Stackframe
     // unmittelbar nach dem Interrupt und nachdem alle Register mit PUSHAD
     // gesichert wurden
@@ -47,43 +46,40 @@ extern "C" {
     // |     EDI     |
     // |-------------| <-- int_esp
 
-    void get_int_esp (unsigned int** esp);
-
+    void get_int_esp(unsigned int** esp);
 }
 
-
 void break_on_bluescreen() {
-    
+
     /* wenn auf diese Methode ein breakpoint in GDB gesetzt wird
      so kann man sich mithilfe des Hex-Dumps umsehen
      */
-    
 }
 
 // Cursor-Position
 int bs_xpos = 0;
 int bs_ypos = 0;
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_clear                                                 *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Bildschirm loeschen.                                     *
  *****************************************************************************/
 void bs_clear() {
-    unsigned int x,y;
-    unsigned short *ptr = (unsigned short*)0xb8000;
-    
-    for (x=0; x<80; x++) {
-        for (y=0; y<25; y++)
-    	*(ptr + y*80 + x) = (short)0x1F00;
+    unsigned int x;
+    unsigned int y;
+    unsigned short* ptr = (unsigned short*)0xb8000;
+
+    for (x = 0; x < 80; x++) {
+        for (y = 0; y < 25; y++) {
+            *(ptr + y * 80 + x) = (short)0x1F00;
+        }
     }
 
     bs_xpos = 0;
     bs_ypos = 0;
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_lf                                                    *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
@@ -91,98 +87,96 @@ void bs_clear() {
  *****************************************************************************/
 void bs_lf() {
     bs_ypos++;
-    bs_xpos=0;
+    bs_xpos = 0;
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_print_char                                            *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Ein Zeichen ausgeben.                                    *
  *****************************************************************************/
 void bs_print_char(char c) {
-    unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char*)0xb8000;
-    
-    *(ptr + bs_ypos*80*2 + bs_xpos*2) = c;
+    unsigned char* ptr = (unsigned char*)0xb8000;
+
+    *(ptr + bs_ypos * 80 * 2 + bs_xpos * 2) = c;
     bs_xpos++;
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_print_string                                          *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Eine Zeichenkette ausgeben.                              *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void bs_print_string(char *str) {
-    
-    while ( *str != '\0' ) {
-        bs_print_char( *str );
+void bs_print_string(char* str) {
+
+    while (*str != '\0') {
+        bs_print_char(*str);
         str++;
     }
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:       bs_printHexDigit                                          *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:   Ein Hex-Zeichen ausgeben.                                 *
  *****************************************************************************/
 void bs_printHexDigit(int c) {
-    if (c<10)   bs_print_char('0'+(unsigned char)c);
-    else        bs_print_char('A'+(unsigned char)(c-10));
+    if (c < 10) {
+        bs_print_char('0' + (unsigned char)c);
+    } else {
+        bs_print_char('A' + (unsigned char)(c - 10));
+    }
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:       bs_print_uintHex                                          *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:   Integer ausgeben.                                         *
  *****************************************************************************/
 void bs_print_uintHex(unsigned int c) {
-    for (int i=28; i>=0; i=i-4) {
-        bs_printHexDigit( (c>>i)&0xF );
+    for (int i = 28; i >= 0; i = i - 4) {
+        bs_printHexDigit((c >> i) & 0xF);
     }
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_printReg                                              *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    String mit Integer ausgeben. Wird verwendet um ein       *
  *                  Register auszugeben.                                     *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void bs_printReg(char *str, int value) {
+void bs_printReg(char* str, int value) {
     bs_print_string(str);
     bs_print_uintHex(value);
     bs_print_string("   \0");
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Funktion:        bs_dump                                                  *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*
  * Beschreibung:    Hauptroutine des Bluescreens.                            *
  *****************************************************************************/
-void bs_dump (unsigned int exceptionNr) {
-    unsigned int *int_esp;
-    unsigned int *sptr;
+void bs_dump(unsigned int exceptionNr) {
+    unsigned int* int_esp;
+    unsigned int* sptr;
     unsigned int faultAdress;
     unsigned int has_error_code = 0;
-    
-    
-    bs_clear ();
+
+    bs_clear();
     bs_print_string("HHUos crashed with Exception\0");
 
     // Exception mit Error-Code?
-    if ( (exceptionNr>=8 && exceptionNr<=14) || exceptionNr==17 || exceptionNr==30) 
-       has_error_code = 1;
+    if ((exceptionNr >= 8 && exceptionNr <= 14) || exceptionNr == 17 || exceptionNr == 30) {
+        has_error_code = 1;
+    }
 
-    // Liegt ein Page-Fault vor? 
-    if (exceptionNr==14) {
+    // Liegt ein Page-Fault vor?
+    if (exceptionNr == 14) {
         faultAdress = get_page_fault_address();
         // Zugriff auf Seite 0 ? -> Null-Ptr. Exception
-        if ((faultAdress & 0xFFFFF000) == 0)
-            exceptionNr=0x1B;
+        if ((faultAdress & 0xFFFFF000) == 0) {
+            exceptionNr = 0x1B;
+        }
     }
 
     bs_print_uintHex(exceptionNr);
@@ -190,127 +184,123 @@ void bs_dump (unsigned int exceptionNr) {
 
     // Spruch ausgeben
     switch (exceptionNr) {
-        case 0x00: bs_print_string("Divide Error\0");                   break;
-        case 0x01: bs_print_string("Debug Exception\0");                break;
-        case 0x02: bs_print_string("NMI\0");                            break;
-        case 0x03: bs_print_string("Breakpoint Exception\0");           break;
-        case 0x04: bs_print_string("Into Exception\0");                 break;
-        case 0x05: bs_print_string("Index out of range Exception\0");   break;
-        case 0x06: bs_print_string("Invalid Opcode\0");                 break;
-        case 0x08: bs_print_string("Double Fault\0");                   break;
-        case 0x0D: bs_print_string("General Protection Error\0");       break;
-        case 0x0E: bs_print_string("Page Fault\0");                     break;
-        case 0x18: bs_print_string("Stack invalid\0");                  break;
-        case 0x19: bs_print_string("Return missing\0");                 break;
-        case 0x1A: bs_print_string("Type Test Failed\0");               break;
-        case 0x1B: bs_print_string("Null pointer exception\0");         break;
-        case 0x1C: bs_print_string("MAGIC.StackTest failed\0");         break;
-        case 0x1D: bs_print_string("Memory-Panic\0");                   break;
-        case 0x1E: bs_print_string("Pageload failed\0");                break;
-        case 0x1F: bs_print_string("Stack overflow\0");                 break;
-        default:   bs_print_string("unknown\0");
+    case 0x00: bs_print_string("Divide Error\0"); break;
+    case 0x01: bs_print_string("Debug Exception\0"); break;
+    case 0x02: bs_print_string("NMI\0"); break;
+    case 0x03: bs_print_string("Breakpoint Exception\0"); break;
+    case 0x04: bs_print_string("Into Exception\0"); break;
+    case 0x05: bs_print_string("Index out of range Exception\0"); break;
+    case 0x06: bs_print_string("Invalid Opcode\0"); break;
+    case 0x08: bs_print_string("Double Fault\0"); break;
+    case 0x0D: bs_print_string("General Protection Error\0"); break;
+    case 0x0E: bs_print_string("Page Fault\0"); break;
+    case 0x18: bs_print_string("Stack invalid\0"); break;
+    case 0x19: bs_print_string("Return missing\0"); break;
+    case 0x1A: bs_print_string("Type Test Failed\0"); break;
+    case 0x1B: bs_print_string("Null pointer exception\0"); break;
+    case 0x1C: bs_print_string("MAGIC.StackTest failed\0"); break;
+    case 0x1D: bs_print_string("Memory-Panic\0"); break;
+    case 0x1E: bs_print_string("Pageload failed\0"); break;
+    case 0x1F: bs_print_string("Stack overflow\0"); break;
+    default: bs_print_string("unknown\0");
     }
-    bs_print_string(")\0"); bs_lf();
+    bs_print_string(")\0");
+    bs_lf();
 
     // Zeiger auf int_esp ueber startup.asm beschaffen (Stack-Layout siehe Anfang dieser Datei)
-    get_int_esp (&int_esp);
+    get_int_esp(&int_esp);
 
     // wir müssen den Inhalt auslesen und das als Zeiger verwenden, um den Stack auszulesen
-    sptr = (unsigned int*) *int_esp;
+    sptr = (unsigned int*)*int_esp;
 
     bs_lf();
 
     // wichtigste Register ausgeben
-    
-    // Exception mit Error-Code?
-    bs_printReg("EIP=\0", *(sptr + 8 + has_error_code) );
-	bs_printReg("EBP=\0", *(sptr + 2) );
-    bs_printReg("ESP=\0", *(sptr + 3) );
-    bs_printReg(" CS=\0", *(sptr + 9 + has_error_code) );
-    bs_lf();
 
+    // Exception mit Error-Code?
+    bs_printReg("EIP=\0", *(sptr + 8 + has_error_code));
+    bs_printReg("EBP=\0", *(sptr + 2));
+    bs_printReg("ESP=\0", *(sptr + 3));
+    bs_printReg(" CS=\0", *(sptr + 9 + has_error_code));
+    bs_lf();
 
     // verbleibende nicht-fluechtige Register ausgeben
-    bs_printReg("EBX=\0", *(sptr + 4) );
-    bs_printReg("ESI=\0", *(sptr + 1) );
-    bs_printReg("EDI=\0", *(sptr) );
-    bs_lf();
-    
-    // verbleibende fluechtige Register ausgeben
-    bs_printReg("EDX=\0", *(sptr + 5) );
-    bs_printReg("ECX=\0", *(sptr + 6) );
-    bs_printReg("EAX=\0", *(sptr + 7) );
-    bs_printReg("EFL=\0", *(sptr + 10) );
+    bs_printReg("EBX=\0", *(sptr + 4));
+    bs_printReg("ESI=\0", *(sptr + 1));
+    bs_printReg("EDI=\0", *(sptr));
     bs_lf();
 
+    // verbleibende fluechtige Register ausgeben
+    bs_printReg("EDX=\0", *(sptr + 5));
+    bs_printReg("ECX=\0", *(sptr + 6));
+    bs_printReg("EAX=\0", *(sptr + 7));
+    bs_printReg("EFL=\0", *(sptr + 10));
+    bs_lf();
 
     // Pagefault oder Null-Pointer?
-    if (exceptionNr==14 || exceptionNr==0x1B) {
+    if (exceptionNr == 14 || exceptionNr == 0x1B) {
         bs_lf();
         bs_print_string("Fault address = \0");
         bs_print_uintHex(faultAdress);
         bs_lf();
-        
+
         bs_print_string("Last useable address = \0");
-        bs_print_uintHex(total_mem-1);
-        
+        bs_print_uintHex(total_mem - 1);
+
         bs_lf();
     }
 
     // Exception mit Error-Code?
-    if ( has_error_code == 1) {
-		int error_nr = *(sptr + 8);
-		
-		if (exceptionNr==14) {
-			if (error_nr==3) {
-	          bs_print_string("Error: write access to read-only page.\0");
+    if (has_error_code == 1) {
+        int error_nr = *(sptr + 8);
+
+        if (exceptionNr == 14) {
+            if (error_nr == 3) {
+                bs_print_string("Error: write access to read-only page.\0");
+            } else if (error_nr == 2) {
+                bs_print_string("Error: read access to not-present page.\0");
+            } else if (error_nr == 0) {
+                bs_print_string("Error: access to a not-present page.\0");
+            } else {
+                bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
+                bs_print_uintHex(error_nr);
             }
-			else if (error_nr==2) {
-	          bs_print_string("Error: read access to not-present page.\0");
-		    }
-			else if (error_nr==0) {
-	          bs_print_string("Error: access to a not-present page.\0");
-		    }
-            else {
-              bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
-              bs_print_uintHex( error_nr );
-	        }   
             bs_lf();
-		}
-		else {
-           bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
-           bs_print_uintHex( error_nr );
-           bs_lf();
-	   }
+        } else {
+            bs_print_string("Error code = \0");
+            bs_print_uintHex(error_nr);
+            bs_lf();
+        }
     }
 
     // Calling stack ...
     bs_lf();
-    bs_print_string("Calling Stack:\0"); bs_lf();
+    bs_print_string("Calling Stack:\0");
+    bs_lf();
     int x = 0;
-    unsigned int *ebp = (unsigned int *) *(sptr + 2);
+    unsigned int* ebp = (unsigned int*)*(sptr + 2);
     unsigned int raddr;
-    
+
     // solange eip > 1 MB && ebp < 128 MB, max. Aufruftiefe 10
-    while ( *ebp>0x100000 &&  *ebp<0x8000000 && x<10 ) {
-        
-        raddr = *(ebp+1);
-        bs_printReg("   raddr=\0", raddr ); bs_lf();
+    while (*ebp > 0x100000 && *ebp < 0x8000000 && x < 10) {
+
+        raddr = *(ebp + 1);
+        bs_printReg("   raddr=\0", raddr);
+        bs_lf();
 
         // dynamische Kette -> zum Aufrufer
-        ebp = (unsigned int*) *ebp;
-        
+        ebp = (unsigned int*)*ebp;
+
         x++;
     }
-    if (x==0) {
-        bs_print_string("   empty\0"); bs_lf();
+    if (x == 0) {
+        bs_print_string("   empty\0");
+        bs_lf();
     }
     bs_lf();
-    
+
     // nur falls gdb benutzt werden soll
     break_on_bluescreen();
-    
+
     bs_print_string("System halted\0");
 }
-
-
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
index 1fdea8e..bcc5e62 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 #define __Bluescreen_include__
 
 // dump blue screen (will not return)
-void bs_dump (unsigned int exceptionNr);
+void bs_dump(unsigned int exceptionNr);
 
 #endif
-
-

From 331613cd467c7efcb3c4618c8ce94b83bdf1ad7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: churl <tobi@urpost.de>
Date: Mon, 27 Jun 2022 22:50:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/16] update mode, why does this keep happening?

---
 .gitignore                        | 0
 boot/Makefile                     | 0
 boot/bootsect.asm                 | 0
 boot/setup.asm                    | 0
 c_os/.clang-tidy                  | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.cc   | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.h    | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/IdleThread.h  | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc  | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.h   | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.asm    | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.cc     | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.h      | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.inc    | 0
 c_os/kernel/threads/ThreadState.h | 0
 c_os/lib/Queue.h                  | 0
 c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.cc       | 0
 c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.h        | 0
 c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.cc     | 0
 c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.h      | 0
 c_os/user/LoopThread.cc           | 0
 c_os/user/LoopThread.h            | 0
 22 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 mode change 100755 => 100644 .gitignore
 mode change 100755 => 100644 boot/Makefile
 mode change 100755 => 100644 boot/bootsect.asm
 mode change 100755 => 100644 boot/setup.asm
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/.clang-tidy
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/IdleThread.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.h
 mode change 100644 => 100755 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.asm
 mode change 100644 => 100755 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.h
 mode change 100644 => 100755 c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.inc
 mode change 100644 => 100755 c_os/kernel/threads/ThreadState.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/lib/Queue.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.h
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/LoopThread.cc
 mode change 100755 => 100644 c_os/user/LoopThread.h

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/boot/Makefile b/boot/Makefile
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/boot/bootsect.asm b/boot/bootsect.asm
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/boot/setup.asm b/boot/setup.asm
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/.clang-tidy b/c_os/.clang-tidy
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.cc b/c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.cc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.h b/c_os/kernel/threads/Dispatch.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/IdleThread.h b/c_os/kernel/threads/IdleThread.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc b/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.h b/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.asm b/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.asm
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.cc b/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.cc
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.h b/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.inc b/c_os/kernel/threads/Thread.inc
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/ThreadState.h b/c_os/kernel/threads/ThreadState.h
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/c_os/lib/Queue.h b/c_os/lib/Queue.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.cc b/c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.cc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.h b/c_os/user/CoopThreadDemo.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.cc b/c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.cc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.h b/c_os/user/HelloWorldThread.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/LoopThread.cc b/c_os/user/LoopThread.cc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/c_os/user/LoopThread.h b/c_os/user/LoopThread.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644

From d2e6a9f9b9fe489f53319b56bdd3b32e19395b54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 11:23:15 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/16] Init flake

---
 .envrc    |  4 ++++
 flake.nix | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .envrc
 create mode 100644 flake.nix

diff --git a/.envrc b/.envrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e9005b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.envrc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+if ! has nix_direnv_version || ! nix_direnv_version 2.1.1; then
+    source_url "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nix-community/nix-direnv/2.1.1/direnvrc" "sha256-b6qJ4r34rbE23yWjMqbmu3ia2z4b2wIlZUksBke/ol0="
+fi
+use flake
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f37ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+{
+  description = "A basic flake with a shell";
+
+  inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
+  inputs.flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
+
+  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, flake-utils }:
+    flake-utils.lib.eachDefaultSystem (system:
+      let pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
+      in {
+        devShell = pkgs.mkShell {
+          # Native inputs run on host
+          nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
+            bashInteractive
+            gnumake
+            gcc
+            nasm
+          ];
+
+          # Build inputs are for target platform, app will be linked against those
+          buildInputs = with pkgs; [ ];
+        };
+      });
+}

From 93f80f8d4b63e22b79bbbbdabfd08d2a48e93ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 11:31:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/16] update flake

---
 flake.lock | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 flake.nix  |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 flake.lock

diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b058f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{
+  "nodes": {
+    "flake-utils": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1656065134,
+        "narHash": "sha256-oc6E6ByIw3oJaIyc67maaFcnjYOz1mMcOtHxbEf9NwQ=",
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "rev": "bee6a7250dd1b01844a2de7e02e4df7d8a0a206c",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1656755932,
+        "narHash": "sha256-TGThfOxr+HjFK464+UoUE6rClp2cwxjiKvHcBVdIGSQ=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "660ac43ff9ab1f12e28bfb31d4719795777fe152",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "root": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-utils": "flake-utils",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "root": "root",
+  "version": 7
+}
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
index 4f37ef9..97cbf95 100644
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
             gnumake
             gcc
             nasm
+            glibc_multi
+            qemu
           ];
 
           # Build inputs are for target platform, app will be linked against those

From 8e7a0df43c58e4a922820ab682df83c633fce9ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 11:31:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/16] ignore .direnv

---
 .gitignore | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 349be1d..70fd963 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@ boot/setup
 tools/build
 /c_os/.cache/
 /c_os/dep/
+/.direnv/

From c043ae9df18e74b1e9130770d2e466094f64a2f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:21:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/16] disable extra stuff (allocator, scrollbackbuffer)

---
 c_os/devices/CGA_Stream.h |  5 +++--
 c_os/devices/Keyboard.cc  | 25 +++++++++++++------------
 c_os/kernel/Globals.cc    |  4 ++--
 c_os/kernel/Globals.h     |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/devices/CGA_Stream.h b/c_os/devices/CGA_Stream.h
index c3fb5dc..97675bb 100755
--- a/c_os/devices/CGA_Stream.h
+++ b/c_os/devices/CGA_Stream.h
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 #ifndef __CGA_Stream_include__
 #define __CGA_Stream_include__
 
-#include "devices/BufferedCGA.h"
+// #include "devices/BufferedCGA.h"
+#include "devices/CGA.h"
 #include "lib/OutStream.h"
 
 // NOTE: I added this
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ public:
 };
 
 // NOTE: I added this (changed this) to use BufferedCGA
-class CGA_Stream : public OutStream, public BufferedCGA {
+class CGA_Stream : public OutStream, public CGA {
 private:
     CGA_Stream(CGA_Stream& copy) = delete;  // Verhindere Kopieren
 
diff --git a/c_os/devices/Keyboard.cc b/c_os/devices/Keyboard.cc
index fce3400..657e62d 100755
--- a/c_os/devices/Keyboard.cc
+++ b/c_os/devices/Keyboard.cc
@@ -340,9 +340,10 @@ void Keyboard::trigger() {
     // NOTE: My keyboard has no delete key...
     if (key.ctrl_left() && key.alt_left() && (char)key == 'r') {
         this->reboot();
-    } else if ((char)key == 'k' || (char)key == 'j') {
-        scroll_mode(key);
     }
+    // else if ((char)key == 'k' || (char)key == 'j') {
+    //     scroll_mode(key);
+    // }
 }
 
 // TODO: Where to place this?
@@ -350,13 +351,13 @@ void Keyboard::trigger() {
 //        - Ereignisverwaltung, wo man Threads registrieren kann
 //        - Blockierte Threads verwalten und aufwecken bei ereignissen
 // Waits for keys to control the scrollback buffer display
-void scroll_mode(Key key) {
-    switch ((char)key) {
-    case 'k':
-        kout.scroll_page_backward();
-        break;
-    case 'j':
-        kout.scroll_page_forward();
-        break;
-    }
-}
+// void scroll_mode(Key key) {
+//     switch ((char)key) {
+//     case 'k':
+//         kout.scroll_page_backward();
+//         break;
+//     case 'j':
+//         kout.scroll_page_forward();
+//         break;
+//     }
+// }
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc b/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
index b84d58d..0764a05 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ Keyboard kb;             // Tastatur
 IntDispatcher intdis;    // Unterbrechungsverteilung
 PIC pic;                 // Interrupt-Controller
 unsigned int total_mem;  // RAM total
-// BumpAllocator         allocator;
+BumpAllocator         allocator;
 // LinkedListAllocator allocator;
-TreeAllocator allocator;
+// TreeAllocator allocator;
 Scheduler scheduler;
 BIOS bios;  // Schnittstelle zum 16-Bit BIOS
 VESA vesa;  // VESA-Treiber
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Globals.h b/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
index a1aa79b..561b28e 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ extern Keyboard kb;             // Tastatur
 extern IntDispatcher intdis;    // Unterbrechungsverteilung
 extern PIC pic;                 // Interrupt-Controller
 extern unsigned int total_mem;  // RAM total
-// extern BumpAllocator         allocator;
+extern BumpAllocator         allocator;
 // extern LinkedListAllocator allocator;
-extern TreeAllocator allocator;
+// extern TreeAllocator allocator;
 extern Scheduler scheduler;
 extern BIOS bios;  // Schnittstelle zum 16-Bit BIOS
 extern VESA vesa;  // VESA-Treiber

From 2341d7bd9520dee41194219951f13ada198582e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:21:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/16] reformat

---
 c_os/kernel/Paging.cc | 18 ++++++++++++------
 c_os/kernel/Paging.h  | 12 ++++++------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
index 1f2b120..a45633f 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.cc
@@ -31,18 +31,18 @@
  *                     0x25000: Altes ESP sichern, vor BIOS-Aufruf           *
  *                     0x26000: 16-Bit Code-Segment fuer BIOS-Aufurf         *
  *                  System-Code                                              *
- *                    0x100000:	System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
+ *                    0x100000: System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
  *                              den Protected Mode kopiert (GRUB kann nur    *
  *                              an Adressen >1M laden)                       *
  *           Globale Variablen: Direkt nach dem Code liegen die globalen     *
  *                              Variablen.                                   *
  *                      Paging:                                              *
- *                    0x200000:	Page-Directory                               *
- *                    0x201000:	Page-Table                                   *
- *                    0x202000:	erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
- *                    0x3FF000:	Anfang der letzten allozierbaren Page        *
+ *                    0x200000: Page-Directory                               *
+ *                    0x201000: Page-Table                                   *
+ *                    0x202000: erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
+ *                    0x3FF000: Anfang der letzten allozierbaren Page        *
  *                        Heap:                                              *
- *                    0x400000:	Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
+ *                    0x400000: Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
  *                        Ende: Letzte Adresse des phys. Speichers           *
  *                                                                           *
  *                                                                           *
@@ -107,6 +107,9 @@ unsigned int* pg_alloc_page() {
 void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
 
     /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+
+    unsigned int mask = PAGE_WRITEABLE;  // fill to 32bit
+    *p_page = *p_page & ~mask;           // set writable to 0
 }
 
 /*****************************************************************************
@@ -117,6 +120,9 @@ void pg_write_protect_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
 void pg_notpresent_page(unsigned int* p_page) {
 
     /* hier muss Code eingefügt werden */
+
+    unsigned int mask = PAGE_PRESENT;
+    *p_page = *p_page & ~mask;  // set present to 0
 }
 
 /*****************************************************************************
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Paging.h b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
index 5abea90..3d48591 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Paging.h
@@ -31,18 +31,18 @@
  *                     0x25000: Altes ESP sichern, vor BIOS-Aufruf           *
  *                     0x26000: 16-Bit Code-Segment fuer BIOS-Aufurf         *
  *                  System-Code                                              *
- *                    0x100000:	System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
+ *                    0x100000: System-Code, kopiert nach Umschalten in      *
  *                              den Protected Mode kopiert (GRUB kann nur    *
  *                              an Adressen >1M laden)                       *
  *           Globale Variablen: Direkt nach dem Code liegen die globalen     *
  *                              Variablen.                                   *
  *                      Paging:                                              *
- *                    0x200000:	Page-Directory                               *
- *                    0x201000:	Page-Table                                   *
- *                    0x202000:	erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
- *                    0x3FF000:	letzte allozierbare Page                     *
+ *                    0x200000: Page-Directory                               *
+ *                    0x201000: Page-Table                                   *
+ *                    0x202000: erste allozierbare Page (via Paging.cc)      *
+ *                    0x3FF000: letzte allozierbare Page                     *
  *                        Heap:                                              *
- *                    0x400000:	Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
+ *                    0x400000: Start-Adresse der Heap-Verwaltung            *
  *                        Ende: Letzte Adresse des phys. Speichers           *
  *                                                                           *
  *                                                                           *

From a230ee84e170a578d795c339ac759530ba32160c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:21:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/16] reformat

---
 c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.h   |  2 +-
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc    |  2 +-
 c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc | 12 +++++-------
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.h b/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.h
index 48b0970..c2d46b4 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ private:
 
     void dump_free_memory(tree_block_t* node);
 
-    // NOTE: Would be nice to have this stuff somewhere else for general use,
+    // NOTE: Would be nice to have this stuff somewhere else for general use (scheduling?)
     //       but that would require different rbt_node/dll_node structures.
     //       If I need this again later I should move it.
     void rbt_rot_l(tree_block_t* x);
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
index 8a39c63..1cd36b8 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.cc
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ void bs_dump(unsigned int exceptionNr) {
     unsigned int has_error_code = 0;
 
     bs_clear();
-    bs_print_string("HHUos crashed with Exception\0");
+    bs_print_string("HHUos crashed with Exception \0");
 
     // Exception mit Error-Code?
     if ((exceptionNr >= 8 && exceptionNr <= 14) || exceptionNr == 17 || exceptionNr == 30) {
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
index 636105d..4230820 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.cc
@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@
  *                                                                           *
  * Autor:           Michael Schoettner, 31.8.2016                            *
  *****************************************************************************/
+#include "kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.h"
 #include "kernel/CPU.h"
 #include "kernel/Globals.h"
-#include "kernel/interrupts/IntDispatcher.h"
 #include "kernel/interrupts/Bluescreen.h"
 
-
 extern "C" void int_disp(unsigned int slot);
 
 /*****************************************************************************
@@ -35,17 +34,16 @@ void int_disp(unsigned int vector) {
     /* hier muss Code eingefuegt werden */
     if (vector < 32) {
         bs_dump(vector);
-        cpu.halt ();
+        cpu.halt();
     }
 
-	if (intdis.report (vector) < 0) {
+    if (intdis.report(vector) < 0) {
         kout << "Panic: unexpected interrupt " << vector;
         kout << " - processor halted." << endl;
-        cpu.halt ();
-	}
+        cpu.halt();
+    }
 }
 
-
 /*****************************************************************************
  * Konstruktor:     IntDispatcher::IntDispatcher                             *
  *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*

From a4283aba54bf974a2d10755fcbe6465b1ee27a6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:21:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/16] disable extra stuff

---
 c_os/main.cc | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/main.cc b/c_os/main.cc
index beef0a7..fe60587 100755
--- a/c_os/main.cc
+++ b/c_os/main.cc
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 #include "kernel/Globals.h"
+#include "kernel/Paging.h"
+#include "kernel/threads/IdleThread.h"
 #include "user/CoopThreadDemo.h"
 #include "user/HelloWorldThread.h"
 #include "user/VBEdemo.h"
@@ -22,11 +24,11 @@ int main() {
     allocator.init();
 
     // Initialize scrollback buffer after allocator.init()
-    kout.init(5);
+    // kout.init(5);
 
     // Startmeldung
     if constexpr (!DEBUG) {
-        kout << "HHUos 0.7\n"
+        kout << "HHUos 0.8\n"
              << "=========\n"
              << "Unterstuetzte Funktionen:\n"
              << "   - Bildschirmausgaben\n"
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@ int main() {
              << "   - Tastatureingaben per Interrupt\n"
              << "   - Kooperative Threads\n"
              << "   - VESA Graphics Mode\n"
+             << "   - Paging\n"
              << endl;
     }
 
@@ -47,18 +50,26 @@ int main() {
     /* hier muss Code eingefuegt werden */
     cpu.enable_int();
 
-    // text_demo();
-    // sound_demo();
-    // keyboard_demo();
-    // heap_demo();
-    // key_irq_demo();
-    // coroutineDemo.main();
+    // Activate paging
+    // Scheduler triggers bluescreen?
+    // pg_init();
 
-    // Threads anlegen
+    // Trigger Bluescreen
+    // kout << "Trigger Bluescreen, if you can read this it didn't work" << endl;
+
+    // BlueScreen 1
+    // asm("int $3");
+
+    // BlueScreen 2
+    // unsigned int* page = pg_alloc_page();
+    // *page = 42; // Should work
+    // pg_write_protect_page(page);
+    // *page = 42;  // should trigger BlueScreen
+
+    // Demo threads anlegen
     // scheduler.ready(new HelloWorldThread());
     // scheduler.ready(new CoopThreadDemo());
-
-    scheduler.ready(new VBEdemo());
+    // scheduler.ready(new VBEdemo()); // Switch to VESA graphics mode
 
     // Scheduler starten (schedule() erzeugt den Idle-Thread)
     scheduler.schedule();
@@ -66,5 +77,6 @@ int main() {
     // TODO: Use templates for queue so threads don't have to be casted down from chain
     // TODO: Move scrollback control to thread
 
+    // Scheduler doesn't return
     return 0;
 }

From 5b309bd3633f6fe2e895df5f21d1d65f11c83b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:25:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/16] build

---
 tools/build | Bin 17208 -> 38192 bytes
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/build b/tools/build
index 9d69b4d1f86f98d2a0715c27fb1337dfff936c01..2fe2ee012a036453d3da288e1b9ce9ee4b59f124 100755
GIT binary patch
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From 2ec47752db0b6d5171c0ed2dccef3ccfb8c98711 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:25:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/16] flake

---
 flake.lock |  0
 flake.nix  | 11 ++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 mode change 100644 => 100755 flake.lock
 mode change 100644 => 100755 flake.nix

diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
diff --git a/flake.nix b/flake.nix
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 97cbf95..d38842c
--- a/flake.nix
+++ b/flake.nix
@@ -14,9 +14,18 @@
             bashInteractive
             gnumake
             gcc
-            nasm
             glibc_multi
+            nasm
             qemu
+            gdb
+            bear # To generate compilation database
+
+            # TODO: Get clang tooling to work, in combination with fcc it can't find standard headers
+            # llvmPackages_14.clang-unwrapped
+            # clang_14 # LSP + formatting
+            # libcxxStdenv
+            # clang-tools_14
+            # llvmPackages.libcxxClang # LSP + formatting
           ];
 
           # Build inputs are for target platform, app will be linked against those

From 455c9c555758d244caaad6c6c0302069a0247a1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 13:43:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/16] disable any optimizations

---
 c_os/Makefile | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/Makefile b/c_os/Makefile
index 9f290b6..6ff6cc5 100755
--- a/c_os/Makefile
+++ b/c_os/Makefile
@@ -70,10 +70,13 @@ DELETE = rm
 ASM = nasm
 CC ?= gcc
 CXX ?= g++
-CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -m32 -march=i486 -Wall -fno-stack-protector -nostdlib -I. -g -ffreestanding -fno-pie -fno-pic -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -Wno-write-strings -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mmanual-endbr
-CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -Wno-non-virtual-dtor -fno-threadsafe-statics -fno-use-cxa-atexit -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -std=c++17
+
+# I added O0 to allow paging/bluescreen to work (We need the ebp on the stack)
+CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -O0 -m32 -march=i486 -Wall -fno-stack-protector -nostdlib -I. -g -ffreestanding -fno-pie -fno-pic -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2 -Wno-write-strings -mno-sse -mno-sse2 -mmanual-endbr
+
 # I added -std=c++17 for if constexpr, but it isn't necessary for anything critical
 # Needed for template concepts, but we don't have it available: -std=c++20
+CXXFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -Wno-non-virtual-dtor -fno-threadsafe-statics -fno-use-cxa-atexit -fno-rtti -fno-exceptions -std=c++17
 
 BOOT = ../boot
 TOOLS = ../tools

From 7fe5d8e956056a2f2be7d74a2e60138bee7b493f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 14:54:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/16] fix treeallocator bug and reenable

---
 c_os/kernel/Globals.cc                 | 4 ++--
 c_os/kernel/Globals.h                  | 4 ++--
 c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.cc | 9 ++++++---
 3 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc b/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
index 0764a05..b84d58d 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Globals.cc
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ Keyboard kb;             // Tastatur
 IntDispatcher intdis;    // Unterbrechungsverteilung
 PIC pic;                 // Interrupt-Controller
 unsigned int total_mem;  // RAM total
-BumpAllocator         allocator;
+// BumpAllocator         allocator;
 // LinkedListAllocator allocator;
-// TreeAllocator allocator;
+TreeAllocator allocator;
 Scheduler scheduler;
 BIOS bios;  // Schnittstelle zum 16-Bit BIOS
 VESA vesa;  // VESA-Treiber
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/Globals.h b/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
index 561b28e..a1aa79b 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
+++ b/c_os/kernel/Globals.h
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ extern Keyboard kb;             // Tastatur
 extern IntDispatcher intdis;    // Unterbrechungsverteilung
 extern PIC pic;                 // Interrupt-Controller
 extern unsigned int total_mem;  // RAM total
-extern BumpAllocator         allocator;
+// extern BumpAllocator         allocator;
 // extern LinkedListAllocator allocator;
-// extern TreeAllocator allocator;
+extern TreeAllocator allocator;
 extern Scheduler scheduler;
 extern BIOS bios;  // Schnittstelle zum 16-Bit BIOS
 extern VESA vesa;  // VESA-Treiber
diff --git a/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.cc b/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.cc
index 9c7c6bd..1ec58b2 100755
--- a/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/allocator/TreeAllocator.cc
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ void TreeAllocator::init() {
     this->free_start->left = NULL;
     this->free_start->right = NULL;
     this->free_start->parent = NULL;
+    this->free_start->red = false; // The root is always black
     this->free_start->next = (list_block_t*)this->free_start;
     this->free_start->previous = (list_block_t*)this->free_start;
 
@@ -59,9 +60,6 @@ void* TreeAllocator::alloc(unsigned int req_size) {
     unsigned int size = this->get_size(best_fit);
     if constexpr (DEBUG) { kout << " - Found best-fit: " << hex << (unsigned int)best_fit << endl; }
 
-    // Remove the block first so we can insert correctly when cutting
-    // kout << " - Removing block from freelist" << endl;
-    this->rbt_remove(best_fit);
     if (size > HEAP_MIN_FREE_BLOCK_SIZE + rreq_size + sizeof(list_block_t)) {
         // Block can be cut
         if constexpr (DEBUG) { kout << " - Allocating " << dec << rreq_size << " Bytes with cutting" << endl; }
@@ -77,6 +75,11 @@ void* TreeAllocator::alloc(unsigned int req_size) {
         // need to remove it from the freelist, which is done for both cases
         if constexpr (DEBUG) { kout << " - Allocating " << dec << rreq_size << " Bytes without cutting" << endl; }
     }
+    // Remove the old block from the freelist
+    // BUG: If the first allocation allocates the whole heap, this removal will crash the paging
+    //      as the freelist will no longer contain any notes, gives NullPointerException as it's not handled
+    // kout << " - Removing block from freelist" << endl;
+    this->rbt_remove(best_fit);
 
     if constexpr (DEBUG) { kout << " - Returned address " << hex << (unsigned int)((char*)best_fit + sizeof(list_block_t)) << endl; }
     return (void*)((char*)best_fit + sizeof(list_block_t));

From 1f01a561a36caee80202a8d10031a9046083cd46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 14:54:25 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/16] fix scheduling bug when only 1 thread is available

---
 c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc b/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc
index 35af795..dead80a 100644
--- a/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc
+++ b/c_os/kernel/threads/Scheduler.cc
@@ -96,10 +96,12 @@ void Scheduler::yield() {
 
     /* hier muss Code eingefuegt werden */
 
-    // if (this->readyQueue.isEmpty()) {
-    //     // Idle thread running
-    //     return;
-    // }
+    // When only one thread exists (IdleThread) it can't yield as the readyqueue becomes empty
+    // and this is not handled anywhere else
+    if (this->readyQueue.isEmpty()) {
+        // Idle thread running
+        return;
+    }
 
     Thread& next = *(Thread*)this->readyQueue.dequeue();
     this->readyQueue.enqueue(this->get_active());

From cfa6265cee8b4483ac7ac9377406e66fea1b492e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ChUrl <christoph.urlacher@protonmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2022 14:54:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/16] enable paging

---
 c_os/main.cc | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/c_os/main.cc b/c_os/main.cc
index fe60587..d213b14 100755
--- a/c_os/main.cc
+++ b/c_os/main.cc
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ int main() {
     cpu.enable_int();
 
     // Activate paging
-    // Scheduler triggers bluescreen?
-    // pg_init();
+    // This has to happen after the allocator is initialized but before the scheduler is started
+    // TODO: Scheduler triggers bluescreen?
+    pg_init();
 
     // Trigger Bluescreen
     // kout << "Trigger Bluescreen, if you can read this it didn't work" << endl;
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ int main() {
 
     // Demo threads anlegen
     // scheduler.ready(new HelloWorldThread());
-    // scheduler.ready(new CoopThreadDemo());
+    scheduler.ready(new CoopThreadDemo());
     // scheduler.ready(new VBEdemo()); // Switch to VESA graphics mode
 
     // Scheduler starten (schedule() erzeugt den Idle-Thread)